End of Civilization...

Last Saturday (13/8/11)’s discussion approached the question “are we all looters?” The discussion touched upon the recent rioting in England but it veered off to the subject of “stealing” of Intellectual Properties. By drawing parallel between high street looting and breach of copyright law, our café philosophers, in fear of the censure of “political correctness,” conscientiously avoided the real topic: What is the cause of the riots?

Links:
- The moral decay of our society is as bad at the top as the bottom ...
- The problem is the breakdown of national identity

What shaped European civilization?

The original question proposed by Ramon « what is European civilization » was intended to define the identity of European civilization. Ramon laid out what he thought was the basis of European civilization: Christianity and Democracy.

Several opinions diverged as to whether Christianity truly represents European civilization. One opinion is that southern Europe where Catholicism prevails tends to have larger number of pious churchgoers than north-western Europe, which has been increasingly embracing secularism since the 20th century.

Another opinion stated that Christianity was not the only religion that shaped European civilization. So-called European civilization is an amalgamation of many different cultural and commercially-based identities. It was this openness to absorb many different influences from outside Europe which made European civilization so advanced in the 19th and 20th century.

Michael remarked that “from a historical perspective, violence can be a motor of civilization”. Ramon disagreed by saying that the Mongol invasion of Europe in the 13th century was definitely not a “motor of civilization”. The Mongols were “Barbarians”. I wonder what Ramon thinks of the violent history of Spanish conquest of Americas, was it driven by the "motor of civilization" or by greed for gold?  Does he think that violence committed in the name of Christianity is then no longer "Barbaric"?

Several participants pointed out that the Eurocentric view was partly to blame for the ills of the 18th and 19th centuries, namely racism, slavery and colonialism. It is therefore controversial to have any delusions of the superiority of European civilization by using Christianity as a basis or standard for European identity.

What is civilization anyway? Christian explains it denotes people living in cities, who do not have to work on land to make a living, so that they can devote their time to develop ideas.

By comparing European philosophies with ideologies from other parts of the world, I noticed one distinctive feature of European (enlightened, non-religious) thinking lies in its emphasis on individual freedom, whereas in many other parts of the world, especially in the East Asia, the traditional thoughts on the mechanism of maintaining a coherent society emphasises obedience to authority (e.g. Confucianism), or passive escapism (e.g. Buddhism), or worshipping an invisible God or several gods (most other formal religions).

Looking back in history, religion has never been the exclusive motor for the advancement of civilization. Religion is often a tool used by the State to make people not to think for themselves but to follow the doctrines from the “holy scripture.” It plays primarily the role of “brain-washer“ or “mind control”. Although religion was a source of inspiration for art and music in the early stages, it can equally act as a repressive regime that hampers social and economic progress, restricts the creativity of artists and suppresses the freedom of ideas by individuals.

Instead of flagging up Christianity as the main fibre of European civilization, Ramon should quote the Renaissance of the 16th century and the Enlightenment of the 18th century as the most important achievements of European civilization. Without these two historical movements, of which the main aims were to liberate people’s mind from the repression of religion, to break away from the authoritarian voice of the Church that ruled Europe for centuries, Europe would still be living in the Dark Ages.

Multiculturalism vs Monoculturalism




The School of Athens by Raphael includes the philosopher/scientist Averroës from Andalusia. 

 I was surprised when our friend Ramon announced at the end of the debate (5 Feb 2011) that the answer to his question is « No, multiculturalism will not work in our society. » Surely, he should have noticed that our café-philo itself is a microcosm of a multicultural society where people from different corners of the planet come and join the debate every Saturday forming a friendly social network in a convivial atmosphere. What’s more surprising is that Ramon, as a Spaniard, seemed to have forgotten the colourful past of his native country where multiculturalism was a unique feature unknown elsewhere in Medieval Europe.


Forest of columns of Patio de los Leones, Alhambra, Granada



The Islamic Spain from the 8th century to the 15th century is a quintessence of a culturally rich, diverse, and thriving civilization, and a melting pot of ethnic allegiances. The arrival of Muslims in Iberia in 711 CE created an enlightened culture in which three Abrahamic traditions -- Judaism, Christianity, and Islam -- co-existed, interacted, and flourished. By 732, the Islamic Empire united most of the peninsula, calling it Al-Andalus. During this time, Al-Andalus witnessed the emergence of major figures, the birth of vital cities, the rise and demise of ruling dynasties, decisive battles, and an important role for women.



Cordoba



Jews and Christians worshipped freely without fear of persecution. The native Christian population governed according to the Germanic customs of the Visigoths. Meanwhile, small Jewish communities inhabited such key cities as Toledo and Córdoba.



Spiritual beauty of Alhambra



The Arabs were fewer in number but after the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, new Muslim immigrants including bureaucrats, scholars, merchants, and artists from Egypt, Syria, Persia, and other eastern lands made their way to Al-Andalus to seek their fortunes in a distant land that had quickly acquired a reputation for beauty and abundance. As they began adapting to settled life, they established trades, raised crops, and interacted with the local populace with increasing frequency. They sought familial alliances and marriage with Hispani-Roman women. 


Conversely, Christians retained their faith but increasingly adopted Arabic language and Muslim customs. They came to be called Mozarabs. Their daughters often bridged the social worlds of the rulers and the ruled.

This coherent multicultural society lasted over four centuries until the Reconquista by the Christian resurgence from the North in late 11th century. Since then, the fertile land of the south was overshadowed by religious repression and persecution known as Papal Inquisition, later as “Spanish Inquisition” ordering Jews and Muslims to convert or leave, throughout the period from the 15th to the 19th century.

The former Mosque in Cordoba (the 3rd largest mosque in the world), known by its Spanish name, Mezquita. After the conquest, the Christians built a cathedral in the middle of this large complex, so it is now two sacred sites in one.